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Oh boy. Short answer is any oscillator is a tuned circuit and requires feedback. The 180pf provides some feedback from the tubes plate circuit to the grid circuit. The adjustments are, for the most part, self evident as they are named, they do as implied.
As far as theory of operation you may be best off reading a service text from the period of the set you're working on. I agree it's really difficult to understand these circuits without building from a very basic and fundamental understanding of circuit concepts. To jump in feet first trying to understand TV circuits, is about impossible. For TV specifics I'll recommend Grob Basic Television 1st or 2nd edition, and Milton Kiver Television and FM receiver servicing 1st-4th editions should be fine. But if for instance you don't have a firm grasp of Ohms law and how voltage division happens in both DC and AC circuits, even these basic TV books will be difficult to understand. Honestly you need to be seriously interested, dedicated, and self driven to learn any electrons theory.
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